🩻 Common Orthopedic Diseases & Conditions

1. Osteoarthritis

• Cause: Wear and tear of joint cartilage (age-related or due to injury)
• Symptoms: Joint pain, stiffness, swelling, limited movement
• Common areas: Knees, hips, spine, hands
• Treatment: Medications, physical therapy, joint replacement

2. Rheumatoid Arthritis

• Cause: Autoimmune disorder affecting joints
• Symptoms: Pain, swelling, fatigue, deformity
• Treatment: Disease-modifying drugs, steroids, physical therapy

3. Osteoporosis

• Cause: Loss of bone density (common in postmenopausal women)
• Symptoms: Fragile bones, fractures from minor falls
• Treatment: Calcium/Vitamin D, bisphosphonates, weight-bearing exercises

4. Fractures (Broken Bones)

• Types: Simple, compound, comminuted, greenstick
• Symptoms: Pain, swelling, bruising, inability to move limb
• Treatment: Casting, splinting, surgery (internal fixation)

5. Low Back Pain / Lumbar Spondylosis

• Cause: Disc problems, muscle strain, arthritis, poor posture
• Symptoms: Pain, stiffness, radiating leg pain
• Treatment: Rest, physiotherapy, painkillers, sometimes surgery

6. Cervical Spondylosis (Neck Pain)

• Cause: Degenerative changes in neck vertebrae/discs
• Symptoms: Neck pain, stiffness, headaches, tingling in arms
• Treatment: Medications, physiotherapy, traction

7. Disc Herniation (Slipped Disc)

• Cause: Bulging or rupture of spinal disc
• Symptoms: Back/neck pain, numbness, sciatica
• Treatment: Rest, physiotherapy, surgery if severe

8. Gout

• Cause: Uric acid crystal buildup in joints
• Symptoms: Sudden, severe joint pain (often in big toe)
• Treatment: Anti-inflammatory drugs, lifestyle changes

9. Tendonitis / Bursitis

• Cause: Inflammation of tendons or bursae
• Symptoms: Pain, swelling near joints
• Common areas: Shoulder, elbow, knee
• Treatment: Rest, ice, NSAIDs, therapy

10. Frozen Shoulder (Adhesive Capsulitis)

• Cause: Stiffness and inflammation in the shoulder joint
• Symptoms: Limited movement, pain
• Treatment: Physiotherapy, steroid injections

11. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

• Cause: Compression of the median nerve in the wrist
• Symptoms: Numbness, tingling, hand weakness
• Treatment: Wrist splints, surgery in severe cases

12. Scoliosis

• Cause: Curved spine (common in children/adolescents)
• Symptoms: Uneven shoulders/hips, back pain
• Treatment: Bracing or surgery (if severe)

13. Plantar Fasciitis

• Cause: Inflammation of the tissue under the foot
• Symptoms: Heel pain, especially in the morning
• Treatment: Stretching, orthotics, anti-inflammatory meds

🧪 Common Diagnostic Tools in Orthopedics

• X-ray
• MRI
• CT Scan
• Bone density test (DEXA)
• Physical exam and joint mobility tests