🚻 Common Urological Diseases

1. Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

• Cause: Bacteria (commonly E. coli)
• Symptoms: Burning while urinating, frequent urination, lower abdominal pain, cloudy urine
• More common in: Women
• Treatment: Antibiotics, increased fluid intake

2. Kidney Stones (Renal Calculi)

• Cause: Crystals (like calcium or uric acid) forming in kidneys
• Symptoms: Severe flank pain, nausea, blood in urine
• Treatment: Hydration, painkillers, lithotripsy, or surgery

3. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

• Cause: Non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate (common in older men)
• Symptoms: Weak urine flow, frequent urination, difficulty starting urination
• Treatment: Medication, lifestyle changes, or surgery

4. Prostate Cancer

• Risk Group: Men over 50
• Symptoms: Often silent in early stages, later may cause urinary problems or back pain
• Diagnosis: PSA test, biopsy
• Treatment: Surgery, radiation, hormone therapy

5. Erectile Dysfunction (ED)

• Cause: Poor blood flow, nerve damage, diabetes, stress
• Symptoms: Difficulty achieving or maintaining an erection
• Treatment: Medications (e.g., sildenafil), counseling, lifestyle changes

6. Hematuria (Blood in Urine)

• Cause: Infections, stones, trauma, cancer
• Should always be evaluated

7. Bladder Cancer

• Symptoms: Blood in urine, pelvic pain, frequent urination
• Risk Factors: Smoking, chemical exposure
• Treatment: Surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy

8. Urinary Incontinence

• Cause: Weak bladder muscles, nerve damage, pregnancy, menopause
• Symptoms: Involuntary leakage of urine
• Treatment: Pelvic floor exercises, medications, surgical options

9. Hydrocele / Varicocele

• Hydrocele: Fluid around the testicle
• Varicocele: Enlarged veins in the scrotum
• Common in men and may affect fertility

10. Interstitial Cystitis (Painful Bladder Syndrome)

• Symptoms: Chronic bladder pain, frequent urination
• Cause: Unknown, but not due to infection
• Treatment: Dietary changes, bladder training, medications

🧪 Common Tests in Urology

• Urine analysis & culture
• Ultrasound (KUB)
• PSA blood test (for prostate)
• Uroflowmetry
• CT urogram
• Cystoscopy