🔍 Common Ophthalmology Diseases

1. Refractive Errors

• Types:
  • Myopia (Nearsightedness)
  • Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
  • Astigmatism
  • Presbyopia (age-related near vision loss)
• Symptoms: Blurry vision, eye strain, headaches
• Treatment: Glasses, contact lenses, LASIK surgery

2. Cataract

• Description: Clouding of the eye’s natural lens
• Symptoms: Blurred vision, glare, difficulty seeing at night
• Treatment: Cataract surgery (lens replacement)

3. Glaucoma

• Cause: Increased eye pressure damaging the optic nerve
• Symptoms: Often none early; peripheral vision loss later
• Types: Open-angle, angle-closure
• Treatment: Eye drops, laser treatment, surgery

4. Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye)

• Cause: Viral, bacterial, or allergic infection
• Symptoms: Redness, itching, discharge, tearing
• Treatment: Eye drops (antibiotic or antihistamine), hygiene

5. Dry Eye Syndrome

• Cause: Poor tear production or quality
• Symptoms: Burning, gritty sensation, redness
• Treatment: Artificial tears, medications, tear duct plugs

6. Diabetic Retinopathy

• Cause: Diabetes damaging blood vessels in the retina
• Symptoms: Blurred vision, floaters, vision loss
• Treatment: Blood sugar control, laser therapy, injections

7. Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)

• Cause: Damage to the central part of the retina (macula)
• Types: Dry and Wet
• Symptoms: Central vision loss, distortion
• Treatment: Injections (wet AMD), lifestyle changes

8. Retinal Detachment

• Description: Retina peels away from its normal position
• Symptoms: Sudden flashes, floaters, shadow over vision
• Emergency: Requires urgent surgery

9. Blepharitis

• Cause: Inflammation of eyelid margins
• Symptoms: Itchy, red, crusty eyelids
• Treatment: Warm compresses, eyelid hygiene, antibiotics

10. Strabismus (Squint)

• Description: Eyes are misaligned
• Seen in: Children and adults
• Treatment: Glasses, eye exercises, surgery

11. Amblyopia (Lazy Eye)

• Seen in: Children (one eye weaker than the other)
• Treatment: Patching the stronger eye, vision therapy

12. Uveitis

• Cause: Inflammation inside the eye (uvea layer)
• Symptoms: Eye pain, redness, blurred vision, sensitivity to light
• Treatment: Steroid drops, systemic medications

🧪 Common Tests in Ophthalmology

• Vision test (Snellen chart)
• Refraction test
• Slit-lamp examination
• Fundoscopy (eye exam for retina)
• Tonometry (eye pressure test)
• Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)
• Visual field test